Microprogram Control
Digital computer operation in which each instruction refers to a sequence of
microinstructions, which are
usually at a lower level than the instruction itself.
A set of microinstructions is known as a microprogram and is usually stored in the
read-only memory of a computer,
The microinstructions recorded in the memory control the
operation of all the computer’s hardware by selecting the required set of elementary
computer operations at every step, and the sequence of microinstructions ensures that a given instruction is carried out.
A microinstruction may include three parts: the operational part, in which the control
inputs of all the computer’s actuating components are
indicated;
the address, which determines the address of the next microinstruction based on the conditions of the logic transitions (controltransfer); and the timing part, which
determines the execution time of the microinstruction. Here the code for a specific
operation of a programis the same as the address of the first microinstruction of the
corresponding microprogram.
The advantages of microprogram control are that it provides for operational flexibility
in a computer and for the possibility of changing thesystem of instructions and the
composition of the computer’s operations according to the characteristics of the
problems being solved andthe computer’s operating conditions. In addition, various
complicated operations may become relatively simple to program, with a
substantialsaving in computer time, and diagnostic microtests may be devised for
very accurate determination of the location of a fault in a computer.The principal
disadvantage, which restricts the extent of microprogram control, is the necessity
of using high speed memory devices of smallcapacity (several thousand words)
whose access time is commensurate with the execution time of the elementary
operations by the actuating components.
In thirdgeneration computers, extensive use is also made of a control method in
which a microprogram is produced by means of a system ofdevices, rather than
in the form of instructions recorded in the computer’s memory; the high speed,
the large capacity of the immediateaccess memory, and the wide variety of software
for these computers produce more efficient control than the microprogram control
of second-generation computers.
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